Pyrotechnic circuit breaker

ABSTRACT

A circuit breaker includes at least one electrical conductor for connection to an electrical circuit, a housing, a matrix, a punch movable relative to the housing to pass from a first position to a second position, and a pyrotechnical actuator to make the punch pass from the first position to the second position when ignited. The punch and matrix are arranged to form a punch-matrix unit designed, when the punch passes from the first position to the second position to break the at least one electrical conductor into at least two distinct parts, and establishing, between the punch and the matrix, at least one electrical arc between the at least two distinct parts when the circuit breaker is connected to a live electrical circuit. When the punch is in the second position, the punch-matrix unit allows at least one passage between the at least two distinct parts. The at least one passage is designed to guide the at least one electrical arc between the distinct parts. The punch-matrix unit includes at least one material designed to be withdrawn by ablation by the at least one electrical arc in order to generate gas suitable for increasing a voltage of the at least one electrical arc.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of International Application No. PCT/EP2015/052277, filed on Feb. 4, 2015, which claims the benefit and priority of French Patent Application No. 14 50853, filed on February 2014. The entire disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates in a general manner to a circuit breaker comprising a pyrotechnical actuator intended to be mounted on an automobile, and in particular on an electrical vehicle.

BACKGROUND

It is necessary in such electrical vehicles to provide the ability to break the electrical lines connecting the energy storage devices (batteries, super-condensers, . . . ) to the rest of the vehicle in order to make the latter safe if an accident occurs, for example. Due to the powers involved and the characteristics of the electrical circuits, electrical arcs will occur during the breaking and call into question the breaking of the circuit and its integrity if these arcs are not controlled. Circuit breakers are known in the prior art such as the one disclosed in the document EP0359467A2 and which propose specific arrangements for extinguishing electrical arcs. On the other hand, this system has in particular the disadvantage of being bulky if it is used to break electrical circuits with elevated voltages and/or currents.

SUMMARY

A goal of the present invention is to respond to the disadvantages of the above-cited documents of the prior art and in particular to at first propose a circuit breaker which is compact and which brings about a rapid break even if an electrical arc is formed.

To this end a first aspect of the invention relates to a circuit breaker comprising:

-   -   at least one electrical conductor designed to be connected to an         electrical circuit,     -   a housing,     -   a matrix,     -   a punch designed to be movable relative to the housing in order         to pass from a first position to a second position,     -   a pyrotechnical actuator designed to make this punch pass from         the first position to the second position when it is ignited,     -   which punch and matrix are arranged to form a punch-matrix unit         designed to be able when the punch passes from the first         position to the second position to:     -   break the at least one electrical conductor into at least two         distinct parts, and     -   bring about the establishing, between the punch and the matrix,         of at least one electrical arc between the at least two distinct         parts when the circuit breaker is connected to a live electrical         circuit,     -   characterised in that:     -   the punch-matrix unit, when the punch is in the second position,         is designed to allow at least one passage between the at least         two distinct parts, which at least one passage is designed to         guide said at least one electrical arc between the distinct         parts, and that The punch-matrix unit comprises at least one         material designed to be withdrawn by ablation by said at least         one electrical arc in order to generate gas suitable for         increasing a voltage of said at least one electrical arc.

The circuit breaker according to the present invention allows the formation of electrical arcs created when the punch breaks the electrical current into two distinct parts to be controlled. In fact, when the punch is in the second position, a passage is formed by the punch-matrix unit so that the electrical arc or arcs are guided through the passage, which guarantees their localisation and limits the risk of damaging the rest of the circuit breaker. Furthermore, the efficiency and the rapidity of the circuit breaker are improved by the material designed to be withdrawn by ablation which allows the voltage of the electrical arc to be increased once the pyrotechnical actuator has functioned, that is, the circuit breaker will be efficient even for an elevated voltage at its terminals without increasing the separations between the distinct parts, which improves the compactness. In fact, the material designed to be withdrawn by ablation is sublimated under the action of the flow of intense heat of the electrical arc, which modifies the composition of the plasma of the electrical arc and its conductivity and allows the voltage of an electrical arc to be increased. Such electrical arcs can be created when the circuit breaker is connected to a live electrical circuit with voltages ranging from 0 V to 600 V and currents ranging from 0 A to 5,000 A on inductive charges ranging up to 2,500 pH (micro-Henries) for an intensity lower than 500 A and up to 150 μH for an intensity of 5,000 A. The circuit breaker of the invention allows the current to be broken in a reliable manner in less than 10 ms and even less than 5 ms in a definitive manner because the circuit breaker, which comprises a pyrotechnical actuator, can only be used once.

The passage can advantageously be formed between the punch and the matrix or in one of these pieces.

Either the punch or the matrix is advantageously at least partially realized with the material designed to be withdrawn by ablation.

The material designed to be withdrawn by ablation is advantageously POM (polyoxymethylene or polyformaldehyde)). According to this implementation the material to be withdrawn by ablation will allow the creation, during the ablation, of a gaseous mixture which increases the voltage of the electrical arc because the POM presents a ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of oxygen atoms which is very low, close to 1. It is also possible to envision using ethylene polyterephthalate (PET), methyl polymethacrylate (PMMA), butylene polyterephthalate (PBT), polyether sulfone (PESU) or even polyamide 6-6 (PA6.6).

Said at least one passage is advantageously at least partially limited by the material which can be withdrawn by ablation. The present implementation increases the efficiency of the circuit breaker because the material to be withdrawn by ablation by the electrical arc is located in its immediate vicinity, which guarantees a rapid increasing of the voltage of the electrical arc due to the ablation of the material.

Said at least one passage is a groove advantageously formed in the punch or and/or the matrix. It is possible to envisage a groove whose dimensions would be the following: width ranging from 0.1 to 1 millimetre and depth ranging from 0.1 to 1 millimetre. Such a groove can be directly obtained by moulding if the dimensions are compatible with this technology and the injected material, or by re-machining.

When the punch is in the second position the punch and the matrix are advantageously arranged with a tight adjustment with the exception of said at least one passage. According to the present implementation the punch and the matrix have a tight adjustment in order to guarantee the irreversibility of the movement of the punch, which prevents on the one hand any movement to the rear. On the other hand, this tight adjustment brings about a good tightness which forms a natural barrier against the passage of the electrical arc when somewhere else than in the passage. Consequently, the electrical arc is forced to pass through the passage, which remains free and at the level of which the punch and the matrix are not in a condition of a tight adjustment (since there is a play). It is possible to envisage providing a negative play from 0 to 0.3 millimetres between the punch and the matrix.

Advantageously:

Each of these at least two distinct parts has a cut end separated from each other when the punch is in the second position.

The at least one passage is designed over the shortest path between the cut ends. Once the passage is formed over the shortest path between the cut ends, the path of the electrical arc will be favoured there since it is the path which requires the least energy.

The circuit breaker advantageously comprises an insert which comprises a guiding part for the punch and a reinforcement part for the matrix. The insert according to the present implementation is a single continuous and mono-block piece which combines the function of guiding the punch and the function of reinforcing the matrix. The assembly can be made by moulding it on the electrical conductor, which minimizes the risk of an offset between the punch (guided by the guiding part of the insert) and the matrix (therefore reinforced positioned by the reinforcement part).

The insert is advantageously made of polyamide 6-6 (PA6.6) charged with 30% of glass fibres.

The insert advantageously comprises a face designed to enter into a mechanical stop block between the punch, thus defining the second position.

The matrix is advantageously designed to be deformable in an elastic manner in such a manner as to guarantee a surface contact with the exception of said at least one passage with the punch when the punch is in the second position. The path of the electrical arc becomes all the more difficult when in the passage with a surface contact between the punch in the matrix.

The matrix advantageously comprises a recess designed between it and the reinforcement part. This recess allows the matrix to move and/or be deformed under the action of the punch in order to align itself with the latter and ensure a good tightness between the punch and the matrix. It is possible to envisage that the recess is comprised between 0 and 2 millimetres, more particularly between 0 and 1 millimetre and very advantageously between 0 and 0.5 millimetres.

The matrix advantageously comprises a connection point with the reinforcement part which separates two recesses between the matrix and the reinforcement part. This implementation allows a pivoting of a matrix wall around the connection point and not a crushing. This connection point can be placed facing the passage in such as manner as to control the section of the passage available for establishing the electrical arc.

The punch in the second position and the housing advantageously form at least one break chamber and this at least one break chamber comprises a vent hole to the outside of the circuit breaker and with a lid, designed to break beyond a predetermined pressure difference between said at least one break chamber and the outside of the circuit breaker. The present implementation proposes a safety valve in the break chamber calibrated to open at a given pressure. This allows an excess pressure to be evacuated without calling into question the integrity of the device if it functions beyond nominal conditions, while guaranteeing a tight system under nominal conditions.

The punch advantageously comprises two break edges in such a manner as to break the at least one electrical conductor into three distinct parts. This implementation forces the creation of two electrical arcs the series with one another which increases the breaking characteristics of the circuit breaker.

The circuit breaker advantageously comprises an insert which comprises a guiding part for the punch and a reinforcement part for the matrix. The insert according to the present implementation is a single continuous and mono-block piece which combines the function of guiding the punch and the function of reinforcing the matrix. The assembly can be made by moulding it on the electrical conductor, which minimizes the risk of an offset between the punch (guided by the guiding part of the insert) and the matrix (therefore reinforced positioned by the reinforcement part).

The matrix advantageously comprises a counterform designed between the two breaking the edges in such a manner as to define two breaking chambers when the punch is in the second position

The punch is advantageously designed to be mobile along a predetermined axis of translation and the matrix is designed in a symmetrical manner relative to the axis of translation of the punch. The cutting strains are symmetrically distributed, which limits the risk of jamming.

The punch advantageously comprises at least one beveled cutting edge in order to cut the at least one electrical conductor progressively during its passage from the first to the second position. The cutting stress in this implementation is lower than the one required by a straight cutting of the electrical conductor in which each section is cut at a single time. This reduces the pressures to be implemented and also the bulk of the circuit breaker with this progressive, beveled cut.

The bevelled cut edge advantageously has an angle comprised between 90° (terminal excluded) and 75° relative to the direction of the movement of the punch.

The punch advantageously comprises a cutting edge in the shape of a “V” with the point of the “V” positioned in the middle of the cutting edge so that the point of the “V” finishes cutting the electrical conductor. This allows the establishing of the electrical arc in the middle of the device and a better balance of the forces in play. in this embodiment the passage is arranged in the extension or facing the point of the “V”.

A second aspect of the invention relates to a device for distributing current comprising at least one circuit breaker according to the first aspect of the invention.

A third aspect of the invention relates to an automobile comprising at least one circuit breaker according to the first aspect of the invention.

The automobile advantageously comprises means for storing electrical energy and an electrical propulsion device connected to the means for storing electrical energy by said at least one circuit breaker.

Another goal of the invention is to propose a pyrotechnical circuit breaker with a break chamber which is easy to manufacture and which brings about a seal during the operation in order to guarantee the confining of the gases heated by the electrical arc or arcs and to guarantee the non-polluting of the interior of the device by the gases, the humidity or dust coming from the outside of the device before its operation as an indication of protection IP67 according to the international norm CEI 60529en.

To this end a fourth aspect of the invention relates to a pyrotechnical circuit breaker comprising:

-   -   a housing with at least one break chamber;     -   at least one electrical conductor to be sectioned traversing at         least a part of the housing of said at least one break chamber;     -   at least one punch arranged in the housing facing said at least         one break chamber and which can move between a first position         and a second position and which punch is designed to section         said at least one electrical conductor during its passage from         the first to the second position;     -   at least one pyrotechnical actuator designed to make said punch         pass from the first position to the second position when it is         activated;     -   an insert moulded on said at least one electrical conductor; and     -   characterised in that the housing comprises a first housing part         and a second housing part with at least one sealing means         between the insert and one of the first housing part and/or of         the second housing part in order to ensure a seal of this at         least one break chamber.

The circuit breaker according to the above implementation ensures a good seal of said at least one break chamber with the sealing means. However, it remains easy to manufacture because the insert avoids having to provide sealing interfaces on the electrical conductor itself and bringing them back onto the insert. Therefore, these bearing surfaces can be continuous without slipping in order to facilitate the implantation of the sealing means such as a toric joint for example. In other words, the seal is realised between only two pieces facing each other at each time: between the first housing part and the insert on the one hand and between the second housing part and the insert on the other hand.

The at least one electrical conductor is advantageously arranged between said at least one break chamber and the punch when the latter is in the first position.

The first housing part and the second housing part are advantageously each in contact with the insert. This allows a good passage of the strains between the different elements of the device and allows a good resistance of the assemblage to be ensured.

The insert is advantageously arranged between the first housing part and the second housing part and the circuit breaker comprises first sealing means between the insert and the first housing part and second sealing means between the insert and the second housing part.

The insert advantageously surrounds said at least one break chamber, This implementation guarantees that the seal on the insert will be continuous. It is possible to envisage that the insert surrounds or circumscribed said at least one break chamber on both sides of the electrical conductor. In this implementation said at least one break chamber can be defined in part by the insert and there is no need to provide a joint between the electrical conductor and the housing.

The first housing part and the second housing part are advantageously each arranged to be assembled on the insert along one direction of movement of the punch. It is quite possible to envision a male-female assemblage with the housing parts that slide on the insert during their assembly in order to come into the final assembled position. Therefore, the guiding of the punch is improved because the first part and the second part are positioned relative to the same piece, the insert.

The punch advantageously comprises a sealing zone in order to ensure a seal between the punch and the insert and/or the housing. This seal can be provided between a combustion chamber of the circuit breaker and said at least one brake chamber in order to avoid any influence of the combustion gases of the pyrotechnical actuator on the electrical arc or arcs.

The insert advantageously surrounds said at least one electrical conductor on at least two distinct zones. This implementation allows it to be guaranteed that no sealing function will be made on the electrical conductor itself. It is the moulding on that makes this seal around the electrical conductor. In other words, no seal needs to be provided between the conductor and the first and the second housing parts.

The punch in the second position is advantageously arranged between said at least two distinct zones.

The insert advantageously comprises at least one moulded-on part arranged in a retention means of said at least one electrical conductor. The retention means can have the shape of one or several holes, cavities or cuts. This implementation allows the increasing of the unity of the insert with the electrical conductor and to therefore improve the seal between the two pieces.

Said at least one sealing means advantageously comprises a joint. A toric joint can be envisaged.

The circuit breaker advantageously comprises two joints and the insert comprises two joint bearing surfaces, each facing a joint bearing surface of the first housing part and a joint bearing surface of the second housing part.

It is possible to provide one or more toric joints in order to realise the sealing means. In particular, it is possible to provide toric joints with a diameter comprised between 2 mm and 3 mm with a compression ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm. More precisely, it is possible to provide a toric joint with a diameter of 2.55 mm±0.15 mm with a compression of 0.7 mm±0.15 mm.

The circuit breaker advantageously comprises at least one moulded-on sealing lip.

The first housing part and the second housing part are advantageously welded. Each housing part can be welded on the insert.

DRAWINGS

Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear more clearly from a reading of the detailed following embodiment of the invention given in a non-limiting manner by way of example and illustrated by the attached drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a sectional view in perspective of a pyrotechnical circuit breaker according to the invention before operation;

FIG. 2 shows a detail from the section of FIG. 1 after the functioning of the circuit breaker;

FIG. 3 shows a partial section of the circuit breaker along axis III-III FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of detail IV from FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a circuit breaker according to the invention in section. A housing 1 is partially traversed by an electrical conductor 2 and the ends of the latter form two connection terminals for the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker comprises a punch 4 and a matrix 3 which are arranged before the operation of the circuit breaker on both sides of the conductor 2 as shown in FIG. 1.

The punch 4 comprises on its upper part facing the matrix 3 a groove limited by two cutting edges 8 and 8′ and a passage 6 which is a vertical groove connecting the cutting edge 8 to the bottom of the groove of the punch 4. Another passage, which is not visible, connects the cutting edge 8′ to the bottom of the groove of the punch 4. The utility of the passage 6 will be explained in particular in the paragraphs relating to FIG. 3.

The punch 4 is shown here in a first position in which the electrical conductor 2 is integrated. In order to cut it the circuit breaker comprises a pyrotechnical actuator 5 (visible only in FIG. 2) which is designed to make the punch 4 pass into a second position such as is shown in FIG. 2.

For example, the electrical conductor 2 can have a section of 2 mm×16 mm, a residual thickness facing the punch 4 of 1.2 mm and the groove of the punch 4 has a length of 5 mm±1 mm.

FIG. 2 therefore shows the circuit breaker of FIG. 1 after functioning, that is, with the electrical conductor 2 separated into three distinct parts 21, 22 and 23. In order to obtain this result the pyrotechnical actuator 5 (comprising an electro-pyrotechnical igniter, for example) located under the punch 4 was ignited and generated gases in such a manner as to pressurise a combustion chamber 41.

Under the effect of the gases and of their pressure in the combustion chamber 41 the punch 4 passed into a second position during a movement of translation during which the conductor 2 was therefore separated into three distinct parts 21, 22 and 23. As is shown in FIG. 1 or 3, the cutting edges 8 and 8′ are not rectilinear but in a V in such as manner as to progressively cut the electrical conductor 2 with cutting strains less than those necessary for a simultaneous cutting of the entire section of the electrical conductor 2. In fact, with these cutting edges 8 and 8′ which are beveled or not beveled perpendicular to the direction of movement of the punch 4, the cut of the electrical conductor 2 is progressive.

It can be noted that the punch 4 comprises a groove in which a toric joint is mounted in order to guarantee a good seal of the combustion chamber 41. This therefore achieves a cutting stress of the punch 4 which is as elevated as possible and the gases of the pyrotechnical actuator 5 cannot enter into the cutting chambers 7 and 7′, which limits the possible pollution of the plasma of the electrical arc by the gases of the pyrotechnical actuator 5.

With the punch 4 in the second position, the groove of the punch 4 is engaged in the matrix 3, and two distinct cutting chambers 7 and 7′ have been formed. The part 21 of the electrical conductor 2 is therefore physically separated from the part 22 of the electrical conductor 2 by the punch 4, which limits the possibility of creating an electrical arc directly between the parts 21 and 22 and even more so when in the second position the punch 4 is tightly mounted on the matrix 3.

This type adjustment achieves several results. On the one hand the maintaining of the punch 4 in the second position is guaranteed by this tight mounting in such a manner that the separation of the cutting chambers 7 and 7′ is guaranteed in time. It should be noted that the circuit breaker comprises a vent hole 9 with a lid (visible in FIG. 1) for each cutting chamber 7 and 7′ in such a manner that it only opens when the pressure in the cutting chamber 7 or 7′ concerned exceeds a threshold value.

On the other hand, the tight adjustment allows the bringing about or creating an elastic and/or plastic deformation of the punch and/or of the matrix 3 which will therefore be in surface contact with one another with a good seal at the end between the cutting chambers 7 and 7′. This seal allows the avoidance of the creation of electrical arcs between the cutting chambers 7 and 7′ and the distinct parts 21, 22. However, as cited above, a passage 6 connects the cutting edges 8 and 8′ of the punch 4 at the bottom of the groove of the punch 4, as shown in FIG. 3, and this passage 6 allows the electrical arcs created during the cutting of the electrical conductor 2 to be located with certainty. A first arc can therefore be formed between the distinct part 21 and the distinct part 23 and a second one can be formed between the distinct part 23 and the distinct part 22.

The matrix can be deformed from 0 to 2 millimetres, preferably from 0 to 1 millimetre and even more preferably from 0 to 0.5 millimetres. To this end a recess is formed between the matrix 3 and an insert 31 which authorises such movements and/or deformations.

As shown in FIG. 4, which is a perspective view of a part of the insert 31 of detail IV of FIG. 1, the insert 31 comprises a recess along the interface with the matrix 3. This recess is delimited by a part 31 of the insert 31. The part 31 a forms a stop for the matrix 3, preventing it from re-tightening on itself over the length of the conductor 2 at the moment of the cutting of the conductor 2 while leaving the possibility for the matrix 3 to be deformed above the part 31 a. This freedom of deformation allows a good surface contact to be guaranteed except for passage 6 between the punch 4 in the matrix 3 in the second position.

For example, the height of the parts 31 a can be comprised between 0.5 mm and 5 mm and the recess can have a reduction of length of 0.5 mm to 1 mm.

The insert 31 can be made of polyamide 6.6 and has the main function of reinforcing the matrix 3. Therefore, as is shown, the insert 31 forms a bore in which the punch 4 slides, which offers a direct positioning between the punch 4 in the matrix 3 since they are the same piece.

As FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show, the housing 1 is formed by two distinct parts with a first housing part and a second housing part on each side of the molded-on insert 31 which comprises two male parts which allow the reception of the upper housing and of the lower housing during the assembly.

As was seen above, the cutting chambers 7 and 7′ and the punch 4 are defined in such a manner as to force the establishment of arcs in the passages, allowing only the latter as a communication path between the cutting chambers 7 and 7′. The moulded-on insert 31 as well as at least one toric joint 32 between the first housing part and the moulded-on insert 31 allow the confining of the gases naturally present in the cutting chambers 7 and 7′ in the latter even if these confined gases are reheated by the electrical arcs.

Moreover, since the moulded-on insert 31 completely surrounds each of the distinct parts 21 and 22 as well as the cutting chambers 7 and 7′ the sealing interface is then particularly easy to design with, as here, the toric joint 32 mounted in an inclined part of the first housing part and compressed by the moulded-on insert 31. Only two pieces are in contact with the toric joint 32, which offers a simple mounting and designing.

For example, it can be provided that the toric joint 32 has a diameter of 2.55 mm and is compressed by 0.7 mm.

Therefore, the gas leaks (and possibly that of the electrical arcs) are prevented up to pressures at least equal to 2 MPa, preferably 3 MPa, and even more preferably 5 MPa in the cutting chambers 7 and 7′.

Moreover, the moulded-on insert 31 coupled by sealing allows the obtaining of a seal with the level IP67 as defined in the standards DIN40050, CEI 60529 or BS 5490. This allows the avoiding of any intrusion of a body into the circuit breaker which could alter its functioning. This allows the circuit breaker to be able to be positioned at a greater number of locations in the vehicle.

It can also be possible to provide a second toric joint between the second housing part and the moulded-on insert 31 as can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2.

Therefore, the seal of the device is always ensured at the interface between two pieces and never at the interface of three pieces as would be the case if the device was not provided with the moulded-on insert 31. In other words, this aspect of the invention proposes an insert moulded on the electrical conductor in order to have a seal ensured solely between the insert and one of the housing parts at a time.

FIG. 3 shows a partial section of the circuit breaker along axis III-III in FIG. 2 without the matrix 3 (not shown for reasons of clarity). The part 21 of the electrical conductor 2 was moved upward by the cutting edge 8 and folded in a V on account of the V shape of the cutting edge 8 of the punch 4. The part 23 of the electrical conductor 2 remained at the bottom of the groove of the punch 4 and FIG. 3 shows the passage 6 which connects the cutting edge 8 to the bottom of the groove of the punch 4.

Because of the electrical characteristics of the circuit for which the circuit breaker is provided (with voltages ranging from 0 V to 600 V and currents ranging from 0 A to 5,000 A on inductive charges ranging up to 2,500 μH (micro-Henries) for an intensity lower than 500 A and up to 150 μH for an intensity of 5,000 A an electrical arc will be formed when the punch 4 passes from the first position to the second position and cuts the electrical conductor 2. This electrical arc, when the punch 4 is in the second position, will naturally travel through the passage 6 for the reasons given below.

At first, the punch 4 and the matrix 3 are in a tight adjustment and only the passage 6 is a free passage between the cutting chamber 7 and the bottom of the groove of the punch 4. Finally, the passage 6 is arranged at the shortest passage between the part 21 of the electrical conductor 2 and the part 23 of the electrical conductor 2. In fact, the passage 6 empties in its upper part at the level of the lower part of the V of the part 21 of the electrical conductor 2. Because of the cutting into three distinct parts, two electrical parts are created in series, which increases the total voltage of the arcs and therefore the voltage on the terminals of the circuit breaker, which allows the value of the current in the electrical circuit to be canceled.

Due to the passage 6 the electrical arc is localised and must pass through the passage 6. The invention proposes in addition to increase the voltage of the electrical arc when the latter has been formed. To this end a material designed to be withdrawn by ablation is supplied in the vicinity of the passage 6 since the electrical arc will be present there. This material designed to be withdrawn (or eroded) by ablation will be sublimated and/or vaporised by the strong flow of heat imposed by the electrical arc, which modifies the composition of the plasma of the electrical arc and therefore its conductivity. By selecting the material to be withdrawn by ablation among the plastics, the voltage on the terminals of the arc is increased and good results are obtained with POM called polyoxymethylene (or polyformaldehyde) because this material has a low ratio of carbon atoms relative to the oxygen atoms.

Finally, it can be noted that the size of the passage 6 can condition the quantity of material withdrawn by ablation and that the lower the size of the groove forming the passage 6 is, the greater the erosion will be. Good results are obtained with a groove with a width ranging from 0.1 to 1 millimetre and a depth ranging from 0.1 to 1 millimetre.

It is understood that various modifications and/or improvements obvious to a person skilled in the art can be added to the different embodiments of the invention described in the present description without leaving the scope of the invention defined by the attached claims. 

1. A circuit breaker comprising: at least one electrical conductor for connection to an electrical circuit; a housing; a matrix; a punch movable relative to the housing to pass from a first position to a second position; a pyrotechnical actuator to make the punch pass from the first position to the second position when ignited; wherein the punch and matrix are arranged to form a punch-matrix unit designed, when the punch passes from the first position to the second position to: break the at least one electrical conductor into at least two distinct parts, and establishing, between the punch and the matrix, at least one electrical arc between the at least two distinct parts when the circuit breaker is connected to a live electrical circuit, and wherein the punch-matrix unit, when the punch is in the second position, allows at least one passage between the at least two distinct parts, the at least one passage designed to guide the at least one electrical arc between the distinct parts, and wherein the punch-matrix unit includes at least one material designed to be withdrawn by ablation by the at least one electrical arc in order to generate gas suitable for increasing a voltage of the at least one electrical arc.
 2. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, wherein the at least one passage is at least partially limited by the material withdrawable by ablation.
 3. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, wherein the at least one passage is a groove formed in the punch or and/or the matrix.
 4. The circuit breaker according claim 1, wherein when the punch is in the second position, the punch and the matrix are arranged with a tight adjustment with the exception of the at least one passage.
 5. The circuit breaker according to claim 4, wherein: each of the at least two distinct parts has a cut end separated from each other when the punch is in the second position, and the at least one passage is designed over the shortest path between the cut ends.
 6. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, wherein the matrix is designed to be deformable in an elastic manner in such a manner as to guarantee a surface contact with the exception of said at least one passage with the punch when the punch is in the second position.
 7. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, wherein the punch in the second position and the housing form at least one cutting chamber and this at least one break chamber comprises a vent hole to the outside of the circuit breaker and with a lid, designed to break beyond a predetermined pressure difference between said at least one cutting chamber and the outside of the circuit breaker.
 8. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, wherein the punch includes two cutting edges in such a manner as to break the at least one electrical conductor into three distinct parts.
 9. The circuit breaker according to claim 8, wherein the matrix includes a counterform between the two cutting edges defining two cutting chambers when the punch is in the second position.
 10. The circuit breaker according to claim 9, wherein the punch is mobile along a predetermined axis of translation and the matrix is in a symmetrical manner relative to the axis of translation of the punch.
 11. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, wherein the punch includes at least one bevelled cutting edge to cut the at least one electrical conductor progressively during passage from the first position to the second position.
 12. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, wherein the material designed to be withdrawn by ablation is polyoxymethylene (POM).
 13. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, in combination with a device for distributing current.
 14. The circuit breaker according to claim 1, in combination with an automobile.
 15. The automobile according to claim 14, further comprising means for storing electrical energy and an electrical propulsion device connected to the means for storing electrical energy by the at least one circuit breaker. 